Cognitive functioning in opioid-dependent patients treated with buprenorphine, methadone, and other psychoactive medications: stability and correlates

Table 2 Medications given to participants within the last 24 h before testing in sample I

	Buprenorphine (n = 14)	Methadone (n = 12)	Healthy control (n = 14)	Group or time point comparison p-values
Opioid agonist drug, dose
Buprenorphine (M ± SD; (range) )
T1	16 ± 3 mg (12 - 24 mg)	-	-	-
T2	20 ± 5 mg (14 - 28 mg)	-	-	T2 > T1**
T3 Methadone (M ± SD;(range) )	21 ± 6 mg (6 - 28 mg)	-	-	T3 > T1**
T1	-	71 ± 39 mg (30 - 135 mg)	-	-
T2	-	127 ± 36 mg (80 - 180 mg)	-	T2 > T1 ***
T3	-	135 ± 34 mg (75 - 180 mg)	-	T3 > T1 ***
Participants treated with BZD medication			'
T1	79%	100%	0%	BN & M > HC ***
BZD dose at T1 (M ± SD)	20 ± 17 mg	21 ± 11 mg	-	ns ^a
T2	71%	100%	0%	BN & M > HC ***
BZD dose at T2 (M ± SD)	16 ± 11 mg	22 ± 11 mg	-	ns ^a
T3	64%	100%	0%	BN & M > HC ***
BZD dose at T3 (M ± SD)	13 ± 12 mg	22 ± 9. mg	-	BN < M *
Number of other medications with possible cognitive effects ^b (M ± SD (range))
T1	1.9 ± 1.1 (0 - 4)	3.0 ± 1.3 (0 - 5)	0.2 ± 0.4 (0 - 1)	BN & M > HC **^; M > BN
T2	1.9 ± 1.2 (0 - 3)	2.3 ± 0.8 (1 - 4)	0.2 ± 0.4 (0 -1)	BN & M > HC ***
T3	1.8 ± 1.3 (0 -4)	2.2 ± 1.0 (1 -4)	0.2 ± 0.4 (0 -1)	BN & M > HC ***

^a Tested only between patient groups.
^b These included antidepressants, neuroleptics (used with anxiolytic indications), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and substance abuse withdrawal symptom or (non-opioid) pain relievers. There were no significant differences between time points within the groups in medication variables.
> = superior than, *** = statistically significant at level p < 0.001. ** = statistically significant at level p < 0.01. * = statistically significant at level p < 0.05.