| Buprenorphine (n = 14) | Methadone (n = 12) | Healthy control (n = 14) | Group comparison p-values |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (M ± SD) | 30 ± 7 | 31 ± 8 | 29 ± 10 | ns |
Sex (female/male) | 36%/64% | 50%/50% | 50%/50% | ns |
Intelligencea (M ± SD) | 101 ± 11 | 98 ± 9 | 105 ± 8 | ns |
Education, years | 10 ± 2 | 10 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | BN & M < HC *** |
Main opioid of abuse used within last month at T1 (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Buprenorphine | 93% | 83%? | - | ns b |
   Heroin | 7% | 17% | - | ns b |
Days in opioid substitution treatment at test (M ± SD) |  |  |  |  |
   T1 | 21 ± 15 | 20 ± 14 | - | ns b |
   T2 | 210 ± 20 | 200 ± 28 | - | ns b |
   T3 | 414 ± 46 | 405 ± 31 | - | ns b |
Examined in inpatient settings % | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   T1 | 21% | 25% | - | ns b |
   T2 | 7% | 0% | - | ns b |
   T3 | 7% | 8% | - | ns b |
Participants with high frequency of use of any substance of abuse c % | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   T1 | 86% | 67% | 14% | BN > HC ***; M > HC * |
   T2 | 29% | 42% | 7% | ns ; ns |
   T3 | 36% | 33% | 7% | ns ; ns |
 | T2 < T1** | T3 < T1* |  |  |
 | T3 < T1* |  |  |  |
Participants with the past month extra doses of any opioid d, % | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   T1 | 86% | 92% | - | ns b |
   T2 | 29% | 33% | - | ns b |
   T3 | 36% | 33% | - | ns b |
 | T2 < T1** | T2 < T1** |  |  |
 | T3 < T1* | T3 < T1** |  |  |
Participants with the past month nicotine use (daily) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   T1 | 100% | 100% | 36% | BN & M > HC *** |
   T2 | 100% | 100% | 36% | BN & M > HC *** |
   T3 | 100% | 93% | 29% | BN > HC **; M > HC *** |